Assess the Different Sources of the Law in England and Wales. To What Assignment

Evaluate the Different Sources of the Law in England and Wales. How much have External Sources Affected its Development - Assignment Example This paper focuses on the choices of the courts and judges depend on significant realities and important law and they likewise take backing of case law (choices taken by earlier appointed authorities in comparative circumstances). Judges base their choices on points of reference, which can be characterized as choices taken by makes a decision about dependent on pertinent laws. Points of reference can be basically unique in which, the adjudicator takes another choice dependent on pertinent law and they can be official in which, the judgment depends on a choice that is as of now taken on a comparable circumstance already. On the off chance that the judgment is taken by prevalent courts, for example, House of Lords, Court of Appeal or High court, the lower courts need to comply with a similar law. Consequently, points of reference are contemplated in custom-based law for coming to at a choice like some past one or another one. Precedent-based law manages developments and novelty in law. In any case, its encouraging is moderate. Be that as it may, it is very pertinent for settling criminal cases, common law cases, business cases and significantly more. From this paper unmistakably the courts take choices dependent on points of reference so the choices taken by Supreme Court can be considered as the premise of customary law utilized in England and Wales. English law is essentially framed of custom-based law or case law, which is very old. Customary law was shaped as a law followed all through England and Wales. Since the law rely upon points of reference, subsequently, the courts existent in England and Wales are composed in a pecking order and the cases are appropriately detailed and saved.â

Recommendation to Counter DoS Attack

Prescribe in an official rundown measures to counter this kind of DoS Attack.The college organize was a survivor of a DDoS assault. Whereby a digital criminal previously obtained chairman get to. We presume that the assailant accessed the system from an inner PC, doubtlessly from an understudy PC in one of the labs. The assailant likely utilized keylogger programming to find executive credentials.Once the aggressor had the manager get to the frameworks he/she had the option to make BOTs and push to numerous understudy PCs situated in different labs. The aggressor at that point start a control assault by enacting the BOT's so as to shape a BotNet (a.k.a. Zombie Network) with the objective of purposefully making on the web administrations become unusable to understudies (ICECC, 2009). Note that a solitary BOT alone couldn't have cause the enlistment server inaccessible. It was the consolidated impact of utilizing numerous BOTs without a moment's delay that delivered the assailant's ide al impact of flooding the assets of the enlistment web server and rendering it unusable.Recommendation to Counter this kind of DoS attackTo forestall or limit the effect of keyloggers: Deploy a firewall to square known keylogger programming. Instruct office not to open email from obscure clients and not to tap on joins in messages from obscure clients. Make a Policy whereby clients can't put in new programming to a machine without opening a ticket with the helpdesk or mentioning chairman get to (ICECC, 2009). The understudy PCs ought to be preloaded with all required applications.Deploy a document observing system, for example, Tripwire to distinguish and inform if any progressions have happened to records (ICECC, 2009). Passwords ought to consistently be scrambled and never navigate the system free. Solidify Windows by ensuring that the working framework are keep current with most recent patches (ICECC, 2009). Keep hostile to infection, against spyware programs up-to-date.Install f irewall bundles on all PCs. Send an interruption identification (IDS) and interruption avoidance frameworks (IPS). Fragmenting off system with the utilization of switches or firewalls is another strategy (Schifreen, 2006). Notwithstanding, the switches or firewalls should be designed to identify and square speculated BOT traffic (it would be ideal if you see organize graph for thing with Blue Dotted Squares).ConclusionIt is essential to take note of that there is no technique that will make sure about a system absolutely from assault. Be that as it may, we can forestall the absolute most basic assault vectors. Along these lines security faculty must stay careful and look to forestall the new degree of assault (Schifreen, 2006).

Reservation free essay sample

Transport reservation framework manages support of records of subtleties of every traveler who had saved a seat for an excursion for different places in Bangalore. The said transport reservation organization has 60 courses working from Bangalore among those are the normal or customary, semi-extravagance and super-exclusive transports. These frameworks ought to contain data about its traveler like date of reservation, their goal, and number of seats and scratch-off of their booking. The framework should meet the prerequisites of the business to make it intuitive and easy to use. Our undertaking is to automate making a trip organization to oversee information, so all the exchanges become quick and reduce any conceivably blunder in exchange like estimation botch, charge age and different things. It replaces all the desk work. It tracks all bills likewise, providing for guarantee 100% fruitful usage of the automated Bus reservation framework. It likewise shows reports of the exchange done by the organization to screen their day by day activity. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reservation or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Objective/s Main Objective: To build up a successful and utilitarian traveler reservation framework. Explicit Objectives: a. To record information of different courses beginning from Bangalore b. To confirm that the complete separation went by every traveler doesn't surpassed 3000km. c. To give an office to crossing out. Examination Traveling is an enormous developing business in or nation. Transport reservation framework manages upkeep of records of subtleties of every traveler who had held a seat for an excursion. It likewise incorporates upkeep of data like timetable and subtleties of each transport. We watched the working of the Bus reservation framework and subsequent to experiencing it, we become more acquainted with that there are numerous activities, which they need to do physically. It requires some investment and causes numerous blunders. Because of this, occasionally a great deal of issues happen and they were confronting numerous debates with clients. To tackle the above issue, and further keeping up records of things, seat accessibility for clients, cost of per seat, charge age and different things, we are offering this proposition of reservation framework. Our booking framework has two modules. First module encourages him to hold a ticket. Utilizing second module he can drop a held ticket. Necessities Definition Functional Requirements a. Ought to have the option to make another login for getting to the booking office. . See current reservations on various transports alongside the subtleties. The framework ought to consequently demonstrate measure of cash should be pay for chosen seats. Non-Functional Requirements a. The chairman will as a rule do anything on the framework in all structures. Director is liable for refreshing and upkeep of the frameworks substance, for example, including/expelling data about the framework.

Essay Samples for Gmat for Dummies

Essay Samples for Gmat for Dummies Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples for Gmat Notice that there's no correct or wrong answer here. The very first question may be tough. Answering such a question would ask that you introspect. Discover how to craft the ideal answer. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Essay Samples for Gmat Rather than that, you may also come up with two extremely long and comprehensive body paragraphs also. This section tests how well it's possible to take advantage of your analytical skills to fix a complicated issue. Consequently, it can be said that you should take soy foods for total well-being. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. Understanding Essay Samples for Gmat Although this argument appears reasonable, it's nevertheless unacceptable to embrace the trustworthiness of this argument after careful scrutiny. The job is to assess the grammar, logic, and effectivenes s of a certain sentence and to opt for the best of several suggested revisions. When the thesis is completed, you can decide to acknowledging the other side. Get to be aware of the common flaws, which means you recognize them quickly on test day! Though even the very best essay checker software cannot match the truth of the official test, it's still a great way to understand where you stand. If the two scores differ by less than 1 point, both scores will be averaged to receive your final scaled score. During the test, you're going to be asked to reply in. If you want, have a mock test to observe where you stand. The very first step you will have to do in your paragraph is identify what portion of the argument you plan to analyze. There is an immense difference between 9 and 31. Others, obviously, scoff at the idea since they're. A great balance of simple and elaborate sentences is utilized to develop an argument. Things You Won't Like About Essay Samples for Gmat and T hings You Will Essays are a really important portion of the application process, states Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant. Learn what Wharton searching for in the MBA essay and the way it is possible to write an effective one to increase your odds of gaining admission. MBA essays are a vital component of your application package. An MBA admissions essay is a significant portion of the MBA admissions process. Essay Samples for Gmat - Is it a Scam? There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The most often encountered topics relate to general company and public policy difficulties. The audio chair also cites a rise in job openings in the area of music-therapy. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Essay Samples for Gmat GMAT AWA essay samples are among the most effective ways to learn ways to get a great GMAT e ssay score. Week 9 You are now prepared to practise a full GMAT test at the same stretch. One of the absolute most important GMAT essay advice is to understand the directions of the AWA section. Another one of the important GMAT writing ideas is to select the opportunity to prepare your essay in a transparent way. Test-takers should try and plan on gmat the essay a couple of minutes early so they have enough time to carefully review their writing for typos and grammatical errors. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is an excellent method that will help you to get ready for the test. The questions are made to place your math skills to test. Data sufficiency is a distinctive sort of math question created particularly for the GMAT. Since you can see from the sample paragraph, there's a lot to accomplish in a quick quantity of time. This conclusion is much too strong, and thus the request for funding isn't well justified. While applying, you can experience that the application procedure can be taxing. Dissect the argument into various pieces. The essay that you write has to be easy, but interesting. At the outset you should know your GMAT essay is scored separately. Objective Voice The essay shouldn't be written in the very first person. It should not be written in the first per son. Writing both essays in a short period of 30 minutes each can be an intimidating exercise, more so in the event you've not written anything similar since. Although there are a few basic measures to writing an assignment, essay writing isn't a linear approach. It is a good idea to invest a couple of hours in preparation for your essay. The submitted piece is evaluated as an unaffiliated argument essay on the aforementioned attributes.

J.M Coetzees The Harms of Pornography - 1909 Words

J.M Coetzees The Harms of Pornography As the debate over pornography and its place in society grows hotter every day, several authors in particular shed a new light on the subject. Both their intuition and insight involving their beliefs can help the reader a great deal in seeing aspects of this debate that might have otherwise gone without the consideration that they so deserve. I believe that pornography is not only okay, but is allowing our country to take a step back and ask ourselves how far we are willing to go and what we are willing to sacrifice in order to preserve free speech and our rights to personal choice. The argument over pornography is not merely the debate over right or wrong, but also involves the theory†¦show more content†¦Coetzee goes to great lengths to bring to light indescrepancies and unclarified ideas throughout MacKinnons article. One of Coetzees most prominent points is that the differences between obscenity and pornography go far beyond a difference in term based on either political or moral argument. While at times Coetzee seems to generally disagree with or at least greatly challenge MacKinnons ideas, there are times at which the two authors trains of thought almost seem to coincide. One such issue would be that MacKinnon is not necessarily looking to hunt out all occurrences of pornography in todays literature and media, but to snuff out the commercial end of it. The end that makes billions based on women being used by men, and does nothing at all to improve their social standing in our society. But why must everything be used to bolster the social position of women? It is this topic specifically that seems to have gone un-argued by Coetzee. Coetzees stand on this issue of pornography and obscenity as a part of todays culture is never quite addressed may very well remain a mystery to the reader. From many of the authors statements and criticisms of MacKinnon, one could gather that he takes a much more liberal stand and yet somehow successfully avoids pressing his opinions. He a lso does a wonderful

Social Exchange Theory Essay examples - 1557 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Social Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life situation to best illustrate the theory and the key concepts that it holds. In applying the social exchange theory from demonstration, to application, to then explanation, a better understanding in†¦show more content†¦People constantly evaluate the rewards and costs of their relationship as well as the rewards and costs of interaction with another individual. Rewards and costs can be tangible, such as money or gifts, or psychological, such as social support or intellectual stimulation (Unger amp; Johnson 604). According to Unger and Johnson, â€Å"if the reward/cost balance is more favorabl e than that of other potential relationships, the person will remain in the relationship, if the costs outweigh the rewards and an alternative relationship with more favorable outcomes is available, the person will leave the existing relationship in favor of the alternative† (604). Yet each reward and cost is different to each individual. To better understand reward and costs is to better understand each individual. The primary theorists, John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, made a list of assumptions that the Social Exchange theory is based on. This list falls into two categories; one that focuses on individuals, and one that describes the social exchange between two people (Unger amp; Johnson 604). The assumptions that the Social Exchange theory makes are about human nature and the nature of relationships. The first, as mentioned earlier, is that of reward and punishment. Humans seek rewards and avoidShow MoreRelatedSocial Exchange Theory1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Exchange Theory was created by researchers John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley, was an attempt to everyday interpersonal relationships. This theory, with backgrounds in sociology and economics, appeals to so many because of it simple answers to human interaction and intentions. The social exchange theory is very rational and considers humans to be rational in every thought they make. It examines human behavior through costs a nd benefits of being in a particular relationship. The theoryRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory2516 Words   |  11 PagesTheories Of Relationship Theories Of Relationship [Document Title] [Document Title] Elizabeth Wiwoloku Elizabeth Wiwoloku Introduction There are two main theories applied to relationships, Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behavior and the importance of language have led to theRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Exchange Theory Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the course of this week’s discussion we will examine the social exchange theory (SET); Dr. Cone did a great job presenting SET to us in this week’s media, I hope you all enjoyed it. Now, we can further consider it by applying the concepts to real life situations such as our family case study, our own family, or other examples you find to be beneficial to you and our collective growth as future APNs. In order to guide our discussion and to have a meaningful learning experience I would encourageRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory And Socia l Interaction982 Words   |  4 Pagesothers when we are infants. Our parents begin socializing with us during this time, forcing our exchanges with them and others to become â€Å"trained†. Building these social relationships requires exchanges that are associated with rewards and costs. Chibucos Leite (2005), believe that in social situations, one will select only those behaviors that increase their chances of meeting egocentricities in social situations. In a relationship, if one sees a relationship as having more benefits than risks,Read MoreSocial Exchange Theory Essays1531 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life situation to best illustrate theRead MoreTheory, Social Exchange Theory And Symbolic Convergence Theory1249 Words   |  5 PagesTheories are a way humans try to explain the world by what they see happen in time. Theories are an observed phenomenon that occur a multitude of times. When these events are observed, humans need an explanation for these events. When one finds this explanation, it is called a theory. Theories apply to many different aspects of life. Small group theories create explanations for what happens when a group of people get together for one purpose; or a goal. What happens when different types people withRead MoreThe Social Exchange Theory in Interpersonal Relationships1577 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent levels of interpersonal communication and theories of interpersonal communication. One of the theories that is used to explain changes in social behavior is the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process between two people. The basic concept of the exchange theory is that it emphasizes the cost between the interactions of people and their social environment. Exchange theory attempts to explain human behavior under the contentRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory, And Uncertainty Events1757 Words   |  8 Pagestheir relationship and they conclude their issues started after they got married. Hence, within this paper, I will take a closer look at Jose and Denise’s scenario and analyze how their case exhibits three communication concepts: avoiding, social exchange theory, and uncert ainty events. After the analysis, I will give detailed recommendations on what should be done in the future to improve their communication and relationships. In Jose and Denise’s situation, Denise started having concerns overRead MoreSocial Exchange Theory by George Homans Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Exchange theory was created by George Homans in 1958. Since its publication as â€Å"Social Behavior as Exchange†, several other theorists like Peter Blau, Richard Emerson, John Thibaut, and Harold Kelley have contributed to the theory. Before diving into the biggest concepts of this theory, two main properties need to be discussed. This theory is all about social exchanges, which are essentially reactions and decisions in relationships. The two properties are self-interest and interdependenceRead MoreThe Social Exchange Theory : Catfish, By Ariel Schulman And Henry Joost1111 Words   |  5 Pageshuman behavior, is dubbed the Social Exchange Theory. In the documentary Catfish, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, Nev Schulman and â€Å"Meghan†, who Angela pretends to be, continue to grow their relation ship until the cost of the dyad becomes too much for Nev to simply enjoy. This causes Nev to reconsider what this relationship means to him, before making a decision on whether it’s worth keeping or not in several different contexts. While the Social Exchange Theory sounds like a basic concept

Evaluating Nixons and Eisenhowers Use of Power free essay sample

Modern Presidency Research Paper Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixon’s and Eisenhower’s’ Use of Power Both President Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon were presidents during the cold war. Their uses of presidential power within foreign policy greatly shaped the United State’s strategies in cold war politics. Comparing their actions as Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief Executive and Commander in Chief shows how they have used both their formal and informal powers to lead the nation. President Eisenhower was much more successful in gaining congress approval through working with them yet had much more trouble dealing with peace abroad. Nixon was able to use powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble working with others at home. As Chief Diplomat, Dwight Eisenhower vocalized the domino theory, meaning that if one country fell to communism this would lead to the fall of another country and so on (Skidmore 2004, 259). During his presidency, he believed that many nations were susceptible to Soviet sponsored Communism and that proactive United States commitment to world affairs would deter this effect. He theorized that communication between the Soviet Union and the United states was critical to the safety of the world, even if both countries were stocking up on nuclear weapons (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). Using his formal powers as Chief diplomat, Eisenhower tried to make an executive agreement with the USSR. Open Skies was the name of this first proposal to the USSR, he proposed this at the 1955 Geneva Convention. His plan included each nation giving one another a full description of their military facilities, and allowing one another to conduct aerial inspections to make sure that the descriptions provided were correct. This plan was rejected by the Soviets because they had previous knowledge of the whereabouts of the United States military facilities (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). Eisenhower used his powers of executive agreements many times as Chief Diplomat. He commanded United States negotiations to maintain communication with the Soviets, trying to come to an agreement to ban nuclear testing (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 2). Eisenhower used this strategy when dealing with Korea as well, sending his secretary of state, John Dulles, to talk with Prime Minister Nehru. Dulles conveyed to Nehru a warning that if the resolutions n Korea stopped, the United States may expand the war. However, talking to leaders of Korea indirectly was not a successful use of his power because the warnings given to Nehru never reached Eisenhower’s intended audience (Damms 2002, 34). Eisenhower also used his informal powers as Chief Diplomat. In 1953, he gave a speech highlighting the large amount of human cost that the cold war could bring to both the USSR and the United States. He offered Georgi Malenkov the cooperation and goodwill of the United States in exchange for the USSR’s discontinuation of extension of land and influence over other nations. This use of informal powers also proved to be unsuccessful when the Russians responded coldly (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). During Eisenhower’s last years in office, he began to make a breakthrough by meeting with Nikita Khrushchev, secretary of the Communist party. This meeting was a successful use of formal diplomatic powers because they agreed to meet again in 1960. However, an unwise use of executive power disrupted their meeting (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 2). Although Ike tried diligently to make executive agreements with communist nations, he was unsuccessful. However, his diplomatic relations formed a base for the United States policy during the rest of the cold war. (Damms 2002, 109-110). As Chief diplomat, Nixon used a variety of formal and informal powers in foreign policy. Unlike Eisenhower who chose to follow a safe route, acting conservatively, Nixon was distinctly a chance taker. Nixon saw that he had extended powers, due to the fact that he served as president during a war. These extended powers added to Nixon’s ability to accomplish this, further tempted Nixon to achieve great changes within foreign policy (Melanson 1996, 45). Nixon was able to limit congress’s oversight of his administration, and the publics control by using the Chief Diplomat formal power of secrecy. He wanted to use these formal powers to show that the president could plan and execute foreign policy as efficiently as historic leaders (Small 1999, 61). Nixon used his power of executive agreements manipulatively in a strategy that he called, linkage politics; this is a term for strategically organizing the United States relationships with communist powers (Small 1999, 63). Nixon knew that he must settle the Vietnam War with honor because it was a stake in Southeast Asia. Using his theory of linkage politics he saw that the end of the Vietnam War would affect negotiations with China and Russia (Small, 1999 65). He first tried to make an executive agreement with Russia, by explaining to them his idea of â€Å"strategic parity. This was an idea that because both nations had enough weapons to completely demolishes the other, neither should start war, and peace would continue. Like Eisenhower’s attempts, Nixon was unable to make an agreement with the USSR and talks continued to be slow (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). Playing the China card was a new way Nixon was able to integrate his idea of linkage politics. His theory was that because China was afraid of the Soviets, they may purse relations with the United States, which in return, would help control the USSR (PBS Nixon 2002, 1). In 1970, Nixon began to implement this theory by engaging in covert talks with China at Warsaw, using his formal powers of secrecy and executive agreements. However, China was angered when Nixon increased US troops in Cambodia and ceased talks. Like Eisenhower, Nixon began to try to relay messages through other parties such as Pakistan and Romania to China. After a year of sending these messages, China finally opened up to discussion once again (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). President Nixon then used another informal power by setting up United States ping pong players to visit China. Before Nixon had done this, the United states and China had not had a cultural exchange since 1949. â€Å"Ping pong diplomacy† pleased most Americans and helped to advance Nixon’s relations with China. By doing so, he also helped improve his relations with Russia because they feared a strong relationship between China and the United States (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). In 1972, Nixon was finally able to meet with Chinese official, Lai, in China. During this meeting, Nixon did not make any agreements with China, but this started a friendly relationship with one another. Due to his strategies, Nixon was also able to meet with a Soviet official, Leonid Brezhnev, where he signed ten formal agreements, including an anti-ballistic treaty and the SALT Treaty (PBS Nixon 2002, 2-3). Eisenhower and Nixon both had the same approaches to using their formal powers as Chief Diplomat. They both wanted to make agreements with communist nations. However, Nixon was able to use more planning within making these agreements. In return, Nixon achieved his goals in establishing relationships with the communist powers. Eisenhower was unable to establish these relationships, but was able to keep peace during his presidency. Nixon also used more informal powers. Eisenhower began his role as chief legislator within foreign policy by supporting the idea of containment (Damms 2002, 27). He wanted to be able to keep peace with the USSR without spending too much money on the arms race. His problem was being able to accomplish the conflicting goals of having adequate defense, and keeping the nations debt low (Damms 2002, 29). As Chief Legislator, Eisenhower developed a plan called the New Look and used the formal power of recommending the plan to congress. The New Look supported Eisenhower’s views of containment without bankruptcy, it was a conservative program. Congress reviewed the recommendations and began implementing the New Look in 1955. The army would be reduced from 22 divisions to 14 and have the service and support units depleted, the navy and 125,000 personnel cut and were limited to 1000 ships. However, the air force increased form 115 airplanes to 137 (Damms 2002, 32). † Although congress enacted Eisenhower’s plans without much objections, this soon changed and Ike found that congress, the armed forces, and even his own administration n o longer supported the â€Å"New Look†. They feared that it was creating a missile gap. (Damms 2002, 32). President Eisenhower also faced great opposition within the Senate. Even though the Republicans controlled congress, he was at the peak of his popularity, and the communist threat was at its greatest, Republican Senator John Bricker of Ohio introduced an amendment that would limit Eisenhower’s formal powers as Chief Diplomat (Peterson 1994, 222). This amendment would requisition Article 6 of the Constitution and limit the president’s power to negotiate treaties and executive agreements. In 1954, even though Eisenhower had strongly opposed this amendment, it almost was passed, missing only one vote to gain the 2/3 of the senate necessary (Peterson 1994, 222). Eisenhower’s narrow victory and the continuing threat that the amendment may pass, deeply affected his approach to congress and foreign policy (Peterson 1994, 222). For example, Eisenhower agreed not to request approval of the human rights covenants, he also unwillingly signed a bill that required the president to send all executive agreements to the senate within 30 days of their implementation. Both show that Eisenhower made decisions that he would have not have made under other conditions (Peterson 1994, 222). In 1957 the soviets launched the first space satellite, Sputnik.